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PrincipleDescription
Coherence

Carefully consider whether each multimedia component is necessary to meet the desired learning outcome.

Bad Example: Includes unnecessary photographs, font styles, and on-screen text.

Good Example: Removes extraneous graphics and text.

Signaling

Highlight essential material.

Bad Example: As the narrator describes a specific step within the Project Management process, the entire process displays on-screen.

Good Example: The specific step that the narrator is discussing is highlighted, focusing the learner's attention on the most essential material.

Redundancy

Limit multimedia to narration and animation when possible, avoid including redundant on-screen text.

Bad Example: Text  The narrator reads the on-screen text verbatim.

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Good Example: Text On-screen text is minimized and the narrator provides detailed content.

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Spatial Contiguity

Display corresponding words and pictures near each another.

Bad Example: Text  The words are listed along the left side, separate from the image on the right.

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Good Example: Text The words are listed alongside their corresponding portion of the image.

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Temporal Contiguity

Sync corresponding visuals and audio.

Bad Example: Text  The narrator describes the steps, then a short video demonstrates the process.

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Good Example: Text The narrator describes the steps as a short video demonstrates the process.

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2. Clarify Complexities

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