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| Principle | Description | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coherence | Carefully consider whether each multimedia component is necessary to meet the desired learning outcome. Good and Bad Examples:
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| Signaling | Highlight essential material. | ||||
| Redundancy | Limit multimedia to narration and animation when possible, avoid including redundant on-screen text. | ||||
| Spatial Contiguity | Display corresponding words and pictures near each another. | ||||
| Temporal Contiguity | Sync corresponding visuals and audio. |
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