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| Principle | Description |
|---|---|
| Multimedia | Present words and pictures rather than words alone. Bad Example: On-screen text is presented without any visual representation.
Good Example: A corresponding visual representation is presented alongside the on-screen text. As a result, the learner builds connections between the verbal and visual representations.
|
| Personalization | Use a conversational tone rather than a formal tone. Bad Example: Text The narrator uses formal, passive language.
Good Example: Text The narrator uses more conversational, direct language.
|
- Mayer, R.E. (2008). Applying the science of learning: Evidence-based principles for the design of multimedia instruction. American Psychologist, 63(8), 760-769.
- Kalyuga, Slava (2003). The expertise reversal effect. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 23-31.