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| Principle | Description | Examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coherence | Carefully consider whether each multimedia component is necessary to meet the desired learning outcome. |
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| Signaling | Highlight essential material. | |||||
| Redundancy | Limit multimedia to narration and animation when possible, avoid including redundant on-screen text. | |||||
| Spatial Contiguity | Display corresponding words and pictures near each another. | |||||
| Temporal Contiguity | Sync corresponding visuals and audio. |
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