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SAMtools is a suite of commands for dealing with databases of mapped reads. You'll be using it quite a bit throughout the course. It includes programs for performing variant calling (mpileup-bcftools).

Calling variants in reads mapped by bowtie

Right now, we'll be using it to call variants (find mutations) in the re-sequenced E. coli genome from the Introduction to mapping (bowtie, BWA) Mapping tutorial. You will need the output SAM files from that tutorial to continue here.

cds
mkdir intro_to_mapping
cd intro_to_mapping
cp -r $BI/ngs_course/intro_to_mapping/bowtie .
cp -r $BI/ngs_course/intro_to_mapping/bwa . 
cp -r $BI/ngs_course/intro_to_mapping/bowtie2 .

We assume that you are still working in the main directory of introductioncalled intro_to_mapping data that you copied to created on $SCRATCH.

Load SAMtools

Load the SAMtools module (if not already loaded).

module load samtools

What Can you figure out what version of samtools is loaded on TACC and where it is installed?Create a new output directory

samtools
which samtools

Prepare your directories

Create a new output directory called samtools_bowtie

...

or whatever makes sense to you.

Let's copy over just the read alignment file in the SAM format and the reference genome in FASTA format to the this new directory, so that we don't have so many files cluttering our space up.

mkdir samtools_bowtie
cp bowtie/SRR030257.sam samtools_bowtie

cp bowtie/NC_012967.1.fasta samtools_bowtie

Index the FASTA reference file

First, you need to index the reference file. (This isn't indexing it for read mapping. It's indexing it so that SAMtools can quickly jump to a certain base in the reference.)

Then run this command to index the reference file.

samtools faidx samtools_bowtie/NC_012967.1.fasta

Take a look at the new *.fai file that was created by this command. Any idea what some of the numbers mean?

less samtools_bowtie/NC_012967.1.fasta.fai

Convert mapped reads from SAM to BAM, sort, and index

SAM is a text file, so it is slow to access information about how any given read was mapped. SAMtools and many of the commands that we will run later work on BAM files (essentially GZIP compressed binary forms of the text SAM files). These can be loaded much more quickly. Typically, they also need to be sorted, so that when the program wants to look at all reads overlapping position 4,129,888, it can easily find them all at once without having to search through the entire BAM file.

Convert from SAM to BAM format.

samtools view -b -bSS -o samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.bam samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.sam

...

samtools sort samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.bam samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.sorted
samtools index samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.sorted.bam

This is a really common sequence of commands, so you might want to add it to your personal cheat sheet.

• What new files were created by these commands?

  Expand
  Check that Check that
  Code Block title List the contents of the output directory ls samtools_bowtie Code Block title Expected output NC_012967.1.fasta SRR030257.sorted.bam.bai NC_012967.1.fasta.fai SRR030257.sam SRR030257.bam SRR030257.sorted.bam

• Why didn't we name the output SRR030257.sorted.bam in the samtools sort command?

  Expand
  Answer... Answer...
  Samtools appends an extra .bam to whatever we put here, so it would have created SRR030257.sorted.bam.bam, and we would have had to make a joke about the Flintstones.

• Can you guess what a *.bai file is?

  Expand
  Answer... Answer...
  Sure enough, it's the index file for the BAM file.

Hint: You might be tempted to gzip BAM files when copying them from one computer to another. Don't bother! They are already internally compressed, so you won't be able to shrink the file. On the other hand, compressing SAM files will save a fair bit of space.

Call genome variants

Now we use the mpileup command from samtools to compile information about the bases mapped to each reference position.

Output BCF file. This is a binary form of the text Variant Call Format (VCF).

samtools mpileup -u -uff samtools_bowtie/NC_012967.1.fasta  samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.sorted.bam > samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.bcf

What are all the options doing?

Convert BCF to human-readable VCF:

bcftools view -v -vcgc -g samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.bcf > samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.vcf

What are these options doing?

Take a look at this filethe samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.vcf file using less. It has a nice header explaining what the columns mean.

...

Below this are the rows of data describing potential genetic variants.

Optional Exercises

Calling variants in reads mapped by BWA or Bowtie2

Follow the same directions to call variants in the BWA or Bowtie2 mapped reads.

Just be sure you don't write over your old files. Maybe create new directories like samtools_bwa and samtools_bowtie2 for the output in each case.

You could also try running all of the commands from inside of the samtools_bwa directory, just for a change of pace.

Filtering VCF files with grep

VCF format has alternative Allele Frequency tags denoted by AF1. Try the following command to see what values we have in our files.

grep AF1 samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.vcf

Optional: For the data we are dealing with, predictions with an allele frequency not equal to 1 are not really applicable here. (The reference genome is haploid. There aren't any heterozygotes.) How can we remove these lines from the file and continue on?

grep -v *something*

Calling variants in reads mapped by BWA

Follow the same directions to call variants in the BWA-mapped reads.

Just be sure you don't write over your old files. Maybe create another new directory:

mkdir samtools_bwa

You could also try running all of the commands from inside of the samtools_bwa directory, just for a change of pace.

...

cat input.vcf | grep AF1=1 > output.vcf

cat input.vcf | grep -v AF1=0 > output.vcf

sed -i '/AF1=0/ d' input.vcf

Comparing the results of different mappers using bedtools

You will need the output from #Calling variants in reads mapped by BWA or Bowtie2 to complete this exercise.

Often you want to compare the results of variant calling on different samples or using different pipelines. Bedtools is a suite of utility programs that work on a variety of file formats, one of which is conveniently VCF format. It provides many ways of slicing, dicing, and comparing the information in VCF files. For example, we can use it to find out what predictions are the same and which are different from the variant calling on reads mapped with different programs.

Set up a new output directory and copy the respective VCF files to it., renaming them so that we know where they came from:

mkdir comparison
cp samtools_bowtie/SRR030257.vcf comparison/bowtie.vcf
cp samtools_bwa/SRR030257.vcf comparison/bwa.vcf
cp samtools_bowtie2/SRR030257.vcf comparison/bowtie2.vcf
cd comparison

Bedtools is a suite of utility programs that work on a variety of file formats, one of which is conveniently VCF format. Using intersectBed and subtractBed Use the subcommands bedtools intersect and bedtools subtract we can find equal and different predictions between mappers. Try to figure out how to to do this on your own first. Hint: Remember that adding > output.vcf to the end of a command will pipe the output that is to the terminal into a file, so that you can save it.

module load bedtools

bedtools intersect -a bowtie.vcf -b bwa.vcf > common_bowtie_bwa.vcf

bedtools subtract -a bowtie.vcf -b common_bowtie_bwa.vcf > unique_bowtie.vcf
bedtools 

subtract -a bwa.vcf -b common_bowtie_bwa.vcf > unique_bwa.vcf

Further Optional Exercises

• Which mapper finds more variants?
• Can you figure out how to filter the VCF files on various criteria, like coverage, quality, ... ?
• How many high quality mutations are there in these E. coli samples relative to the reference genome?

Next up

...

From here...

*Look at how the reads supporting these variants were aligned to the reference genome by Using in the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV)

Old stuff

Output - Samtools

Output - Determining Differences Between Mappers

Solutions

Output - Filtering Allele Frequenciestutorial.
*Look into more sophisticated Variant+calling+with+GATK.