Since scientific names of species change over time and data sources vary in adherence to standard names, we synonymized all invalid names to a standard taxonomy. However, researchers have noted the presence of fish populations that appear to be unique and often describe them as a subspecies or a unique form of some sort, but lack formal description or even a name. Usually they are smaller populations and geographically isolated from a larger sister taxa population, but because of that isolation they are on their own evolutionary trajectory and thus different or can become different from the larger population and worth knowing about. To maximize awareness and potential conservation, we aim to recognize these various forms, even before they are formally described as species - some, of course, may never be formally described. Thus we prefer to think of our lowest level taxa names as Operational Taxonomic Units.

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Incoming literature that will influence future taxonomic decisions:

Apherododerus sayanus: MULLER, T. A., & SIMONS, A. M. (2024). Taxonomic revision of the Pirate Perches, Aphredoderus, (Percopsiformes: Aphredoderidae) with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 5415(1), 77-105. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5415.1.3

Cyprinidae: Susana Schönhuth, Jasna Vukić, Radek Šanda, Lei Yang, Richard L. Mayden, Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Holarctic family Leuciscidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 127, 2018, Pages 781-799, ISSN 1055-7903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026. 

Stout, C., Schonhuth, S., Mayden, R., Garrison, N. L., & Armbruster, J. W. (2022). Phylogenomics and classification of Notropis and related shiners (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) and the utility of exon capture on lower taxonomic groups. PeerJ, 10, e14072.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9558623/

Dorosoma petenense: Elías, D. J., McMahan, C. D., & Piller, K. R. (2021). Molecular data elucidate cryptic diversity within the widespread Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense: Clupeidae) across the Nearctic and Northern Neotropics. Hydrobiologia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04713-8

Etheostoma lepidum: MacGuigan, D. J., Hoagstrom, C. W., Domisch, S., Hulsey, C. D., & Near, T. J. (2021). Integrative ichthyological species delimitation in the Greenthroat Darter complex (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Zoologica Scripta, 00, 1– 27. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12504

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Bath, H. 1994. Untersuchung der arten Hypleurochilus geminatus (Wood 1825), H. fissicornis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) und H. aequipinnis (Gunther 1861), mit revalidation von Hypleurochilus multifilis (Girard 1858) und beschreibung von zwei neuen arten (Pisces: Blenniidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 74:59-85.

Berendzen, P. B., A. M. Simons, R. M. Wood, T. E. Dowling, and C. L. Secor. 2008. Recovering cryptic diversity and ancient drainage patterns in eastern North America: historical biogeography of the Notropis rubellus species group (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46:721–737.  doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.008

Bessert, M. 2006. Molecular Systematics and Population Structure in the North American Endemic Fish Genus Cycleptus (Teleostei: Catostomidae). Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences, December. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss/1.

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Kim, D., B. H. Bauer, and T. J. Near. 2021. Introgression and species delimitation in the Longear Sunfish Lepomis megalotis (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Centrarchidae). Systematic Biology (syab029), https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab029

Kim, D., Taylor, A.T. & Near, T.J. 2022. Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus). Sci Rep 12, 9113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2

Kreiser, B. R. 2001. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences support recognition of two cryptic species of plains killifish, Fundulus zebrinus and Fundulus kansae. The American Midland Naturalist 146:199-209.

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