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dd if=/dev/rmt/0mst0 of=/tmp/tapehead bs=1024 count=2 file /tmp/tapehead |
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If the file command cannot identify a specific file type, or just returns 'data', you might be able to identify the format using a cat, more or a text editor combined with Google. Some backup programs (Amanda for example) even include a text file as the first file on the tape describing how to extract the tape.
See Troubleshooting guide if the dd command results in an I/O or memory allocation error.