Linux/macOS/*nix shell

• macOS as a Unix flavor comes with a powerful command-line interface or shell ("Terminal") that allows users to execute typical Unix commands and applications
• Linux distributions generally also come with shells like bash that allow to execute Unix-style commands and compatible software
• The *nix command line allows to create complex tool chains and allows to automate complex tasks with scripts: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bash_Shell_Scripting

Windows Subsystem for Linux

• Windows 10 contains a compatibility layer that allows to run Linux sytems like Ubuntu, Debian or OpenSUSE inside of Windows
• By default, no software with a graphical user interface can be executed, but the powerful shell commands are available (see above)
• The Linux-inside-Windows allows you to install additional tools without admin rights, through the packet managers available for the Linux distribution you chose (e.g. apt or dpkg)
• Once installed, some Windows command-line software can be run from the Linux shell